Referanseverdiene nedenfor er hentet fra konsensusdokumenter fra American Society of Echocardiography (ASE) og European Association of Cardiovascular Imaging (EACVI). Bruk innholdsfortegnelsen for å hoppe direkte til riktig avsnitt.
Aorta, normalverdier
| Normalintervall | Normalintervall, justert | |
|---|---|---|
| Annulus aortae | 20-31 mm | 12-14 mm/m2 |
| Sinus valsalva | 29-45 mm | 15-20 mm/m2 |
| Sinotubulær overgang | 22-36 mm | 13-17 mm/m2 |
| Aorta ascendens | 22-36 mm | 13-17 mm/m2 |
| Arcus aortae | 22-36 mm | |
| Aorta descendens | 20-30 mm |
Justering innebærer at verdien justeres for kroppsoverflate (BSA, Body Surface Area), som angis i kvadratmeter.
Aorta, standardisert
Standardiserte verdier (gjennomsnitt ± SD)
| Alder | Annulus aortae, kvinner | Annulus aortae, menn | Sinus Valsalva, kvinner | Sinus Valsalva, menn |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| <30 | 11,4 ± 1,1 | 11,4 ± 1,2 | 15,5 ± 1,5 | 15,3 ± 1,8 |
| 30–39 | 11,7 ± 1,0 | 11,4 ± 1,1 | 16,5 ± 1,6 | 15,7 ± 1,3* |
| 40–49 | 11,7 ± 1,0 | 11,5 ± 0,9 | 16,8 ± 1,4 | 16,6 ± 1,5 |
| 50–59 | 12,0 ± 0,9 | 11,5 ± 0,9 | 17,9 ± 1,6 | 16,8 ± 1,7* |
| 60–69 | 11,7 ± 1,1 | 12,1 ± 1,0 | 17,5 ± 1,7 | 17,8 ± 1,6 |
| >70 | 11,6 ± 1,1 | 12,0 ± 1,0 | 18,2 ± 1,9 | 18,1 ± 1,7 |
| Alle | 11,7 ± 1,0 | 11,6 ± 1,0 | 17,0 ± 1,9 | 16,6 ± 1,8 |
| Alder | Sinotubulær overgang, kvinner | Sinotubulær overgang, menn | Aorta ascendens, kvinner | Aorta ascendens, menn |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| <30 | 13,5 ± 1,4 | 12,7 ± 2,3 | 15,1 ± 1,6 | 14,3 ± 1,6* |
| 30–39 | 14,3 ± 1,5 | 13,3 ± 1,3 | 16,4 ± 1,8 | 14,5 ± 1,4* |
| 40–49 | 14,6 ± 1,2 | 14,1 ± 1,5* | 16,4 ± 1,4 | 15,5 ± 1,5* |
| 50–59 | 15,7 ± 1,3 | 14,1 ± 1,5 | 18,0 ± 1,4 | 16,2 ± 1,6* |
| 60–69 | 14,7 ± 1,6 | 15,1 ± 1,6* | 17,6 ± 1,7 | 17,3 ± 1,7 |
| >70 | 15,5 ± 2,0 | 14,7 ± 1,6 | 18,2 ± 3,3 | 17,5 ± 1,4 |
| Alle | 14,7 ± 1,7 | 13,9 ± 1,8 | 16,9 ± 2,3 | 15,7 ± 1,8 |
| Alder | Arcus aortae, kvinner | Arcus aortae, menn |
|---|---|---|
| <30 | 10,7 ± 1,0 | 10,1 ± 1,3* |
| 30–39 | 11,6 ± 1,6 | 10,8 ± 1,3* |
| 40–49 | 11,5 ± 1,2 | 11,3 ± 1,3 |
| 50–59 | 12,7 ± 1,1 | 11,3 ± 1,2* |
| 60–69 | 12,5 ± 1,4 | 12,0 ± 1,1 |
| >70 | 12,7 ± 1,2 | 12,2 ± 1,3 |
| Alle | 11,9 ± 1,5 | 11,2 ± 1,4 |
Aortainsuffisiens (AI)
Primære parametere
| Lett insuffisiens | Moderat insuffisiens | Alvorlig insuffisiens | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Vena contracta (cm) | < 0,3 | 0,3-0,6 | > 0,6 |
| PHT (trykkhalveringstid), CW-doppler | > 500 | 200-500 | < 200 |
| Diastolisk reversert flow, PW-doppler i aorta descendens | hvis til stede, tidlig diastolisk | tidlig diastolisk | holodiastolisk |
Kvantifisering av jet
| Lett insuffisiens | Moderat insuffisiens | Alvorlig insuffisiens | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Jetbredde / LVOT-bredde | < 0,25 | 0,25-0,64 | > 0,64 |
| Jetareal / LVOT-areal | < 0,05 | 0,05-0,59 | > 0,59 |
Kvalitative parametere
| Lett insuffisiens | Moderat insuffisiens | Alvorlig insuffisiens | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Jetareal | liten | varierende | stor hvis sentral, varierende hvis eksentrisk |
| Koaptasjonsdefekt | lett | moderat | alvorlig |
| CW-profil ved aortainsuffisiens | svak | varierende | tett |
| Venstre atriums størrelse | normal | normal eller forstørret | forstørret |
| Venstre ventrikkels størrelse | normal | normal eller forstørret | forstørret |
Supplerende PISA-parametere
| Lett insuffisiens | Moderat insuffisiens | Alvorlig insuffisiens | |
|---|---|---|---|
| EROA (cm²) | < 0,10 | 0,10-0,29 | > 0,29 |
| Regurgitasjonsvolum (ml/slag) | < 30 | 30-59 | > 59 |
| Regurgitasjonsfraksjon (%) | < 30 | 30-49 | > 49 |
EROA = (CSA*v)/v(maxMR) {{ Strømningshastighet = CSA*v = 6,28*r2*v(aliasing)
Referanser
- Zoghbi, William A.; Enriquez-Sarano, Maurice; Foster, Elyse; Grayburn, Paul A.; Kraft, Carol D.; Levine, Robert A. et al. (2003): Recommendations for evaluation of the severity of native valvular regurgitation with two-dimensional and Doppler echocardiography. In Journal of the American Society of Echocardiography : official publication of the American Society of Echocardiography 16 (7), pp. 777–802. DOI: 10.1016/S0894-7317(03)00335-3.
- Zoghbi, William A.; Adams, David; Bonow, Robert O.; Enriquez-Sarano, Maurice; Foster, Elyse; Grayburn, Paul A. et al. (2017): Recommendations for Noninvasive Evaluation of Native Valvular Regurgitation. A Report from the American Society of Echocardiography Developed in Collaboration with the Society for Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance. In Journal of the American Society of Echocardiography : official publication of the American Society of Echocardiography 30 (4), pp. 303–371. DOI: 10.1016/j.echo.2017.01.007.
Aortastenose (AS)
Sykdomsdefinerende parametere
| Lett stenose | Moderat stenose | Alvorlig stenose | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Klaffeareal (cm²) | > 1,5 | 1,0-1,5 | < 1,0 |
| Indeksert klaffeareal (cm²/m²) | >0,85 | 0,6-0,85 | < 0,6 |
Målte parametere
| Aortasklerose | Lett stenose | Moderat stenose | Alvorlig stenose | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Middelgradient (mmHg) | < 20 | 20-40 | > 40 | |
| Maksimal hastighet (m/s) | 1,8-2,5 | 2,6-2,9 | 3,0-4,0 | > 4,0 |
| Maksimal gradient (mmHg) | < 35 | 35-65 | > 65 | |
| Hastighetsforhold (LVOT / aortaklaff) | > 0,5 | 0,5-0,25 | < 0,25 |
Referanser
- Baumgartner, Helmut; Hung, Judy; Bermejo, Javier; Chambers, John B.; Evangelista, Arturo; Griffin, Brian P. et al. (2009): Echocardiographic assessment of valve stenosis: EAE/ASE recommendations for clinical practice. In Journal of the American Society of Echocardiography : official publication of the American Society of Echocardiography 22 (1), 1-23; quiz 101-2. DOI: 10.1016/j.echo.2008.11.029.
- Baumgartner, Helmut; Hung, Judy; Bermejo, Javier; Chambers, John B.; Evangelista, Arturo; Griffin, Brian P. et al. (2009): Echocardiographic assessment of valve stenosis: EAE/ASE recommendations for clinical practice. In European journal of echocardiography : the journal of the Working Group on Echocardiography of the European Society of Cardiology 10 (1), pp. 1–25. DOI: 10.1093/ejechocard/jen303.
- Vahanian, Alec; Alfieri, Ottavio; Andreotti, Felicita; Antunes, Manuel J.; Barón-Esquivias, Gonzalo; Baumgartner, Helmut et al. (2012): Guidelines on the management of valvular heart disease (version 2012). In European heart journal 33 (19), pp. 2451–2496. DOI: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehs109.
- Baumgartner, Helmut; Hung, Judy; Bermejo, Javier; Chambers, John B.; Edvardsen, Thor; Goldstein, Steven et al. (2017): Recommendations on the Echocardiographic Assessment of Aortic Valve Stenosis. A Focused Update from the European Association of Cardiovascular Imaging and the American Society of Echocardiography. In Journal of the American Society of Echocardiography : official publication of the American Society of Echocardiography 30 (4), pp. 372–392. DOI: 10.1016/j.echo.2017.02.009.
Venstre ventrikkel, funksjon, systolisk, visuell vurdering
Visuell vurdering av venstre ventrikkels segmenter (systolisk funksjon)
| TYPE VEGGBEVEGELSE | DEFINISJON | WALL MOTION SCORE |
|---|---|---|
| Normal | Normal fortykkelse (vanligvis >30% fortykkelse fra sluttdiastole til sluttsystole). | 1 |
| Hypokinesi | Redusert fortykkelse (vanligvis 10–30% fortykkelse fra sluttdiastole til sluttsystole) | 2 |
| Akinesi | Markant redusert eller ingen fortykkelse (<10%) | 3 |
| Dyskinesi | Paradoks fortynning og/eller utadrettet bevegelse under systole | 4 |
| Aneurismatisk | Diastolisk deformering | 5 |
Denne semikvantitative graderingen av venstre ventrikkels systoliske funksjon anbefales av American Society for Echocardiography (J Am Soc Echocardiogr 18:1440-1463, 2005).
Venstre ventrikkel, masse og geometri
Referanseverdier for venstre ventrikkels masse og geometri
| Kvinner | Menn | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Referanse | Lett unormal | Moderat unormal | Uttalt unormal | Referanse | Lett unormal | Moderat unormal | Uttalt unormal | |
| LINEÆR METODE | ||||||||
| LV-masse, g | 67–162 | 163–186 | 187–210 | >211 | 88–224 | 225–258 | 259–292 | >293 |
| LV-masse/BSA, g/m2 | 43–95 | 96–108 | 109–121 | > 122 | 49–115 | 116–131 | 132–148 | > 149 |
| LV-masse/høyde, g/m | 41–99 | 100–115 | 116–128 | >129 | 52–126 | 127–144 | 145–162 | >163 |
| LV-masse/høyde 2,7, g/m2,7 | 18–44 | 45–51 | 52–58 | >59 | 20–48 | 49–55 | 56–63 | >64 |
| Relativ veggtykkelse, cm | 0,22–0,42 | 0,43–0,47 | 0,48–0,52 | >0,53 | 0,24–0,42 | 0,43–0,46 | 0,47–0,51 | >0,52 |
| Septumtykkelse, cm | 0,6–0,9 | 1,0–1,2 | 1,3–1,5 | > 1,6 | 0,6–1,0 | 1,1–1,3 | 1,4–1,6 | > 1,7 |
| Bakveggstykkelse, cm | 0,6–0,9 | 1,0–1,2 | 1,3–1,5 | > 1,6 | 0,6–1,0 | 1,1–1,3 | 1,4–1,6 | > 1,7 |
| 2D METODE | ||||||||
| LV-masse, g | 66–150 | 151–171 | 172–182 | > 193 | 96–200 | 201–227 | 228–254 | > 255 |
| LV-masse/BSA, g/m2 | 44–88 | 89–100 | 101–112 | > 113 | 50–102 | 103–116 | 117–130 | > 131 |
BSA = kroppsoverflate; LV = venstre ventrikkel; 2D = 2-dimensjonal. Fet kursiv stil: anbefalt og best validert.
Venstre ventrikkel, størrelse
Referanseverdier for venstre ventrikkels størrelse
| Kvinner | Menn | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Normalintervall | Lett unormal | Moderat unormal | Uttalt unormal | Normalintervall | Lett unormal | Moderat unormal | Uttalt unormal | |
| LV-DIMENSJONER | ||||||||
| Diastolisk LV-diameter | 3,9–5,3 | 5,4–5,7 | 5,8–6,1 | >6,2 | 4,2–5,9 | 6,0–6,3 | 6,4–6,8 | >6,9 |
| Diastolisk LV-diameter/BSA, cm/m 2 | 2,4–3,2 | 3,3–3,4 | 3,5–3,7 | >3,8 | 2,2–3,1 | 3,2–3,4 | 3,5–3,6 | >3,7 |
| Diastolisk LV-diameter/høyde, cm/m | 2,5–3,2 | 3,3–3,4 | 3,5–3,6 | >3,7 | 2,4–3,3 | 3,4–3,5 | 3,6–3,7 | >3,8 |
| LV-VOLUM | ||||||||
| Diastolisk LV-volum, mL | 56–104 | 105–117 | 118–130 | >131 | 67–155 | 156–178 | 179–201 | >201 |
| Diastolisk LV-volum/BSA, mL/m 2 | 35–75 | 76–86 | 87–96 | > 97 | 35–75 | 76–86 | 87–96 | > 97 |
| Systolisk LV-volum, mL | 19–49 | 50–59 | 60–69 | >70 | 22–58 | 59–70 | 71–82 | >83 |
| Systolisk LV-volum/BSA, mL/m 2 | 12–30 | 31–36 | 37–42 | > 43 | 12–30 | 31–36 | 37–42 | > 43 |
BSA = kroppsoverflate; LV = venstre ventrikkel. Fet kursiv stil: anbefalt og best validert.
Venstre ventrikkel, funksjon
Referanseverdier for venstre ventrikkelfunksjon
| Kvinner | Menn | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Normal | Lett unormal | Moderat unormal | Uttalt unormal | Normal | Lett unormal | Moderat unormal | Uttalt unormal | |
| LINEÆR METODE | ||||||||
| Endokardial fraksjonell forkortning, % | 27–45 | 22–26 | 17–21 | <16 | 25–43 | 20–24 | 15–19 | <14 |
| Fraksjonell forkortning i midtveggen, % | 15–23 | 13–14 | 11–12 | <10 | 14–22 | 12–13 | 10–11 | <10 |
| 2D METODE | ||||||||
| Ejeksjonsfraksjon, % | >55 | 45–54 | 30–44 | <30 | >55 | 45–54 | 30–44 | <30 |
2D = todimensjonal. Fet kursiv: anbefalt og best validert.
Ny klassifisering av ejeksjonsfraksjon
| Normal | Lett unormal | Moderat unormal | Uttalt unormal | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Ejeksjonsfraksjon (%), biplan, menn | 52-72 | 41-51 | 30-40 | <30 |
| Ejeksjonsfraksjon (%), biplan, kvinner | 54-74 | 41-53 | 30-40 | <30 |
Referanser
- Lang, Roberto M.; Badano, Luigi P.; Mor-Avi, Victor; Afilalo, Jonathan; Armstrong, Anderson; Ernande, Laura et al. (2015): Recommendations for cardiac chamber quantification by echocardiography in adults: an update from the American Society of Echocardiography and the European Association of Cardiovascular Imaging. In European heart journal cardiovascular Imaging 16 (3), pp. 233–270. DOI: 10.1093/ehjci/jev014.
- Lang, Roberto M.; Bierig, Michelle; Devereux, Richard B.; Flachskampf, Frank A.; Foster, Elyse; Pellikka, Patricia A. et al. (2005): Recommendations for chamber quantification: a report from the American Society of Echocardiography’s Guidelines and Standards Committee and the Chamber Quantification Writing Group, developed in conjunction with the European Association of Echocardiography, a branch of the European Society of Cardiology. In Journal of the American Society of Echocardiography : official publication of the American Society of Echocardiography 18 (12), pp. 1440–1463. DOI: 10.1016/j.echo.2005.10.005. –>Pubmed-Link
Venstre ventrikkel, funksjon, diastolisk
| Kriterier | Normal ung | Normal voksen | Unormal relaksasjon (grad 1 dysfunksjon) | Pseudonormal (grad 2 dysfunksjon) | Reversibel restriktiv fylling (grad 3 dysfunksjon) | Irreversibel restriktiv fylling (grad 4 dysfunksjon) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| E/A-ratio | 1–2 | 1–2 | <1 | 1–1,5 (reverserer med Valsalva-manøver) | >1,5 | 1,5–2,0 (reverserer ikke med Valsalva-manøver) |
| Deselerasjonstid (DT), ms | <240 | 150–240 | ≥240 | 150–200 | <150 | <150 |
| IVRT (ms) | 70–90 | 70–90 | >90 | <90 | <70 | <70 |
| S/D-ratio | <1 | ≥1 | ≥1 | <1 | <1 | <1 |
| ARdur − Adur (ms) | ≥30 | ≤0 | ≤0 eller ≥30 | ≥30 | ≥30 | ≥30 |
| AR-hastighet (cm/s) | <35 | <35 | <35 | ≥35 | ≥35 | ≥35 |
| e’-hastighet (cm/s) | >10 | >8 | <8 | <8 | <8 | <8 |
For å få ”ARdur–Adur” subtraheres Adur fra ARdur.AR-hastighet er strømningshastigheten i den negative bølgen som registreres ved lungevenedoppler (AR = atrial regurgitation).
Høyre ventrikkel og lungearterie
| Normalintervall | Lett unormal | Moderat unormal | Uttalt unormal | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| RV-DIMENSJONER | ||||
| Basal RV-diameter (RVD 1), cm | 2,0–2,8 | 2,9–3,3 | 3,4–3,8 | >3,9 |
| Midtre RV-diameter (RVD 2), cm | 2,7–3,3 | 3,4–3,7 | 3,8–4,1 | >4,2 |
| Lengde fra basis til apeks (RVD 3), cm | 7,1–7,9 | 8,0–8,5 | 8,6–9,1 | >9,2 |
| RVOT-DIAMETER | ||||
| Over aortaklaffen (RVOT 1), cm | 2,5–2,9 | 3,0–3,2 | 3,3–3,5 | >3,6 |
| Over pulmonalklaffen (RVOT 2), cm | 1,7–2,3 | 2,4–2,7 | 2,8–3,1 | >3,2 |
| PA-DIAMETER | ||||
| Under pulmonalklaffen (PA 1), cm | 1,5–2,1 | 2,2–2,5 | 2,6–2,9 | >3,0 |
| RV-STØRRELSE OG -FUNKSJON (MÅLT I A4C) | ||||
| Diastolisk RV-areal, cm2 | 11–28 | 29–32 | 33–37 | >38 |
| Systolisk RV-areal, cm2 | 7,5–16 | 17–19 | 20–22 | >23 |
| Fraksjonell arealendring i RV, % | 32–60 | 25–31 | 18–24 | <17 |
Atrier, venstre og høyre
Referanseverdier for venstre atrium
| Kvinner | Menn | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Normalintervall | Lett unormal | Moderat unormal | Uttalt unormal | Normalintervall | Lett unormal | Moderat unormal | Uttalt unormal | |
| ATRIEDIMENSJONER | ||||||||
| LA-diameter, cm | 2,7–3,8 | 3,9–4,2 | 4,3–4,6 | >4,7 | 3,0–4,0 | 4,1–4,6 | 4,7–5,2 | >5,2 |
| LA-diameter/BSA, cm/m2 | 1,5–2,3 | 2,4–2,6 | 2,7–2,9 | >3,0 | 1,5–2,3 | 2,4–2,6 | 2,7–2,9 | >3,0 |
| RAs kortaksediameter, cm | 2,9–4,5 | 4,6–4,9 | 5,0–5,4 | >5,5 | 2,9–4,5 | 4,6–4,9 | 5,0–5,4 | >5,5 |
| RAs kortaksediameter/BSA, cm/m2 | 1,7–2,5 | 2,6–2,8 | 2,9–3,1 | >3,2 | 1,7–2,5 | 2,6–2,8 | 2,9–3,1 | >3,2 |
| ATRIEAREAL | ||||||||
| LA-areal, cm2 | <20 | 20–30 | 30–40 | >40 | <20 | 20–30 | 30–40 | >40 |
| ATRIEVOLUMER | ||||||||
| LA-volum, mL | 22–52 | 53–62 | 63–72 | >73 | 18–58 | 59–68 | 69–78 | >79 |
| LA-volum/BSA, mL/m2 | 22 ± 6 | 29–33 | 34–39 | >40 | 22 ± 6 | 29–33 | 34–39 | >40 |
BSA = kroppsoverflate; LA = venstre atrium; RA = høyre atrium.
Mitralinsuffisiens (MI)
Primære parametere
| Lett insuffisiens | Moderat insuffisiens | Alvorlig insuffisiens | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Vena contracta (cm) | < 0,3 | 0,3-0,69 | > 0,69 |
| EROA (cm²) | < 0,20 | 0,20-0,39 | > 0,39 |
| Jetstørrelse | < 4cm² eller < 20% av atriearealet | 4-10 cm² eller 20-40% av atriearealet | > 10 cm² eller > 40% av atriearealet |
| Jetretning | sentral | varierende | eksentrisk |
| Lungevenestrøm | S-dominant | redusert S-bølge | systolisk strømningsreversering |
Kvalitative parametere
| Lett insuffisiens | Moderat insuffisiens | Alvorlig insuffisiens | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Mitralklaffapparat | normalt eller lett unormalt | ofte unormalt | unormalt, eventuelt flail |
| CW-profil ved mitralinsuffisiens | svak | varierende | tett |
| Form på CW-profil ved mitralinsuffisiens | parabolsk | varierende | tidlig topp, triangulær |
| Venstre atriums størrelse | normal | normal eller dilatert | dilatert |
| Venstre ventrikkels størrelse | normal | normal eller dilatert | dilatert |
Supplerende PISA-parametere
| Lett insuffisiens | Moderat insuffisiens | Alvorlig insuffisiens | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Regurgitasjonsvolum (ml/slag) | < 30 | 30-59 | > 59 |
| Regurgitasjonsvolum = EROA x TVI | |||
| Regurgitasjonsfraksjon (%) | < 30 | 30-49 | > 49 |
Øvrige parametere
| Lett insuffisiens | Moderat insuffisiens | Alvorlig insuffisiens | |
|---|---|---|---|
| PW-doppler over mitralklaffen | A-dominant | varierende | høye E-verdier |
Referanser
- Zoghbi, William A.; Enriquez-Sarano, Maurice; Foster, Elyse; Grayburn, Paul A.; Kraft, Carol D.; Levine, Robert A. et al. (2003): Recommendations for evaluation of the severity of native valvular regurgitation with two-dimensional and Doppler echocardiography. In Journal of the American Society of Echocardiography : official publication of the American Society of Echocardiography 16 (7), pp. 777–802. DOI: 10.1016/S0894-7317(03)00335-3.
- Zoghbi, William A.; Adams, David; Bonow, Robert O.; Enriquez-Sarano, Maurice; Foster, Elyse; Grayburn, Paul A. et al. (2017): Recommendations for Noninvasive Evaluation of Native Valvular Regurgitation. A Report from the American Society of Echocardiography Developed in Collaboration with the Society for Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance. In Journal of the American Society of Echocardiography : official publication of the American Society of Echocardiography 30 (4), pp. 303–371. DOI: 10.1016/j.echo.2017.01.007. –>Pubmed-Link
Mitralstenose (MS)
Primære parametere
| Lett stenose | Moderat stenose | Alvorlig stenose | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Klaffeareal | > 1,5 cm² | 1,5–1,0 cm² | < 1,0 cm² |
| Middelgradient | < 5 mmHg | 5-10 mmHg | > 10 mmHg |
Supplerende parametere
| Lett stenose | Moderat stenose | Alvorlig stenose | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Lungearterietrykk | <30 | 30-50 | >50 |
Referanser
- Baumgartner, Helmut; Hung, Judy; Bermejo, Javier; Chambers, John B.; Evangelista, Arturo; Griffin, Brian P. et al. (2009): Echocardiographic assessment of valve stenosis: EAE/ASE recommendations for clinical practice. In European journal of echocardiography : the journal of the Working Group on Echocardiography of the European Society of Cardiology 10 (1), pp. 1–25. DOI: 10.1093/ejechocard/jen303.
- Baumgartner, Helmut; Hung, Judy; Bermejo, Javier; Chambers, John B.; Evangelista, Arturo; Griffin, Brian P. et al. (2009): Echocardiographic assessment of valve stenosis: EAE/ASE recommendations for clinical practice. In Journal of the American Society of Echocardiography : official publication of the American Society of Echocardiography 22 (1), 1-23; quiz 101-2. DOI: 10.1016/j.echo.2008.11.029.
- Vahanian, Alec; Alfieri, Ottavio; Andreotti, Felicita; Antunes, Manuel J.; Barón-Esquivias, Gonzalo; Baumgartner, Helmut et al. (2012): Guidelines on the management of valvular heart disease (version 2012). In European heart journal 33 (19), pp. 2451–2496. DOI: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehs109.
Pulmonalinsuffisiens (PI)
| Lett insuffisiens | Moderat insuffisiens | Alvorlig insuffisiens | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Pulmonalklaffens morfologi | normal | normal/unormal | unormal |
| Tetthet ved CW-doppler | svak, langsom deselerasjon | varierende | tett, bratt deselerasjon, tidlig opphør av diastolisk strøm |
| Jetbredde ved fargedoppler | liten, < 10 mm lang, smalt utspring | varierende | stor, bredt utspring |
| Forhold mellom pulmonal- og aortastrøm | normal | varierende | betydelig økt |
Referanser
- Zoghbi, William A.; Enriquez-Sarano, Maurice; Foster, Elyse; Grayburn, Paul A.; Kraft, Carol D.; Levine, Robert A. et al. (2003): Recommendations for evaluation of the severity of native valvular regurgitation with two-dimensional and Doppler echocardiography. In Journal of the American Society of Echocardiography : official publication of the American Society of Echocardiography 16 (7), pp. 777–802. DOI: 10.1016/S0894-7317(03)00335-3.
- Zoghbi, William A.; Adams, David; Bonow, Robert O.; Enriquez-Sarano, Maurice; Foster, Elyse; Grayburn, Paul A. et al. (2017): Recommendations for Noninvasive Evaluation of Native Valvular Regurgitation. A Report from the American Society of Echocardiography Developed in Collaboration with the Society for Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance. In Journal of the American Society of Echocardiography : official publication of the American Society of Echocardiography 30 (4), pp. 303–371. DOI: 10.1016/j.echo.2017.01.007.
- Lancellotti, Patrizio; Tribouilloy, Christophe; Hagendorff, Andreas; Moura, Luis; Popescu, Bogdan A.; Agricola, Eustachio et al. (2010): European Association of Echocardiography recommendations for the assessment of valvular regurgitation. Part 1: aortic and pulmonary regurgitation (native valve disease). In European journal of echocardiography : the journal of the Working Group on Echocardiography of the European Society of Cardiology 11 (3), pp. 223–244. DOI: 10.1093/ejechocard/jeq030.
Pulmonalstenose (PS)
| Lett stenose | Moderat stenose | Alvorlig stenose | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Maksimal hastighet (m/s) | < 3 | 3–4 | > 4 |
| Maksimal gradient (mmHg) | < 36 | 36-64 | > 64 |
Referanser
- Baumgartner, Helmut; Hung, Judy; Bermejo, Javier; Chambers, John B.; Evangelista, Arturo; Griffin, Brian P. et al. (2009): Echocardiographic assessment of valve stenosis: EAE/ASE recommendations for clinical practice. In European journal of echocardiography : the journal of the Working Group on Echocardiography of the European Society of Cardiology 10 (1), pp. 1–25. DOI: 10.1093/ejechocard/jen303.
- Baumgartner, Helmut; Hung, Judy; Bermejo, Javier; Chambers, John B.; Evangelista, Arturo; Griffin, Brian P. et al. (2009): Echocardiographic assessment of valve stenosis: EAE/ASE recommendations for clinical practice. In Journal of the American Society of Echocardiography : official publication of the American Society of Echocardiography 22 (1), 1-23; quiz 101-2. DOI: 10.1016/j.echo.2008.11.029.
Trikuspidalinsuffisiens (TI)
Primære parametere
| Lett insuffisiens | Moderat insuffisiens | Alvorlig insuffisiens | |
|---|---|---|---|
| PISA radius | < 0,6 | 0,6-0,9 | > 0,9 |
| Vena contracta (cm) | ikke definert | < 0,7 | > 0,7 |
| Levervenestrøm | S-dominant | Redusert S-bølge | systolisk reversert strøm, jetstrøm som når levervenene |
Supplerende kvantitative parametere
| Lett insuffisiens | Moderat insuffisiens | Alvorlig insuffisiens | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Jetstørrelse | < 5cm² | 5-10 cm² | > 10 cm² |
| Størrelse på vena cava inferior | < 2,1 cm og komprimerbar | intermediær | > 2,1 cm, nesten ikke komprimerbar |
Supplerende kvalitative parametere
| Lett insuffisiens | Moderat insuffisiens | Alvorlig insuffisiens | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Koaptasjonsdefekt | lett | moderat | alvorlig |
| Høyre ventrikkels størrelse | normal | normal eller forstørret | forstørret |
| Høyre atriums størrelse | normal | normal eller forstørret | forstørret |
| CW-profil ved trikuspidalinsuffisiens | svak | varierende | tett |
| Form på CW-profil ved trikuspidalinsuffisiens | parabolsk | varierende | tidlig topp, triangulær |
Referanser
1. Zoghbi, William A.; Enriquez-Sarano, Maurice; Foster, Elyse; Grayburn, Paul A.; Kraft, Carol D.; Levine, Robert A. et al. (2003): Recommendations for evaluation of the severity of native valvular regurgitation with two-dimensional and Doppler echocardiography. In Journal of the American Society of Echocardiography : official publication of the American Society of Echocardiography 16 (7), pp. 777–802. DOI: 10.1016/S0894-7317(03)00335-3.
2. Zoghbi, William A.; Adams, David; Bonow, Robert O.; Enriquez-Sarano, Maurice; Foster, Elyse; Grayburn, Paul A. et al. (2017): Recommendations for Noninvasive Evaluation of Native Valvular Regurgitation. A Report from the American Society of Echocardiography Developed in Collaboration with the Society for Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance. In Journal of the American Society of Echocardiography : official publication of the American Society of Echocardiography 30 (4), pp. 303–371. DOI: 10.1016/j.echo.2017.01.007. –>Pubmed-Link
Trikuspidalstenose (TS)
| Middeltrykkgradient | ≥ 5 mmHg |
|---|---|
| Klaffeareal beregnet med kontinuitetsligningen (cm²) | ≤ 1 cm² |
| Hastighet–tidsintegral for trikuspidal innstrømning (cm) | > 60 cm |
| Trykkhalveringstid (T ½, ms) | ≥ 190 ms |
| Høyre atrium | Uttalt forstørret |
| Vena cava inferior | forstørret |
Referanser
1. Baumgartner, Helmut; Hung, Judy; Bermejo, Javier; Chambers, John B.; Evangelista, Arturo; Griffin, Brian P. et al. (2009): Echocardiographic assessment of valve stenosis: EAE/ASE recommendations for clinical practice. In European journal of echocardiography : the journal of the Working Group on Echocardiography of the European Society of Cardiology 10 (1), pp. 1–25. DOI: 10.1093/ejechocard/jen303.
2. Baumgartner, Helmut; Hung, Judy; Bermejo, Javier; Chambers, John B.; Evangelista, Arturo; Griffin, Brian P. et al. (2009): Echocardiographic assessment of valve stenosis: EAE/ASE recommendations for clinical practice. In Journal of the American Society of Echocardiography : official publication of the American Society of Echocardiography 22 (1), 1-23; quiz 101-2. DOI: 10.1016/j.echo.2008.11.029.