Cardiologi
ReferensvÀrden

🇾đŸ‡Ș Pediatrisk og neonatal EKG-tolkning

ReferensvÀrden för hjÀrtfrekvens, intervall och amplituder frÄn nyfödd till 16 Ärs Älder, efter Davignon och Rijnbeek.

Innhold (7)

Barns EKG förÀndras kontinuerligt med Äldern: hjÀrtfrekvens, el-axel och vÄganatomi vid nyfödd Älder skiljer sig kraftigt frÄn vuxna referensvÀrden och normaliseras stegvis under uppvÀxten. Tolkningen görs pÄ samma systematiska sÀtt som hos vuxna, men mot de Äldersspecifika referensvÀrdena nedan.

Tolkningsmetod

  • HjĂ€rtfrekvens
  • HjĂ€rtrytm
  • P-vĂ„g
  • PQ-tid
  • QRS-komplexet
  • ST-strĂ€ckan
  • T-vĂ„gen
  • U-vĂ„g
  • QT-tid (QTc-tid)

Neonatala referensvÀrden

Davignon et al. Intervallen Àr 98-procentiga konfidensintervall, medelvÀrdet anges inom parentes.

Ålder <1 dag 1–3 dagar 3–7 dagar 7–30 dagar 1–3 mĂ„n 3–6 mĂ„n 6–12 mĂ„n 1–3 Ă„r 3–5 Ă„r 5–8 Ă„r 8–12 Ă„r 12–16 Ă„r >16 Ă„r
HjĂ€rtfrekvens (slag/min) 93–155 (122) 91–158 (124) 90–166 (128) 106–182 (148) 120–179 (149) 105–185 (142) 107–168 (132) 90–151 (119) 73–137 (108) 65–133 (100) 63–129 (92) 66–120 (86) 50 – 120
El-axel (grader) 58–168 (>135) 65–171 (>134) 76–168 (>133) 65–159 (110) 31–115 (75) 7–105 (60) 7–98 (54) 8–100 (55) 7–104 (55) 10–140 (66) 9–115 (61) 11–133 (58) -15 – 110
QRS-tid 21–76 22–67 21–68 22–79 23–75 22–79 23–76 27–75 30–72 32–79 32–85 34–88 0.05 – 0.10
PQ-tid 79–160 (107) 81–139 (108) 75–137 (104) 73–138 (101) 73–130 (98) 74–145 (106) 73–156 (156) 82–148 (114) 85–161 (118) 90–164 (124) 87–171 (128) 92–175 (135) 0.12 – 0.20
Q i III (mm) 0.1–5 0.1–5 0.1–5 0.1–5 0.1–5 <6.6 <6.3 <5.3 <4.2 <3.2 <2.7 <3.0 <3
R i V1 (mm) 5–27 (14) 5–27 (15) 3–25 (13) 3–22 (11) 3–19 (10) 3–20 (10) 2–20 (9) 3–18 (9) 2–18 (8) 1–13 (7) 0.5–10 (6) 0.5–10 (5) 0.5 – 14
S i V1 (mm) 0.5–23 (9) 0.5–21 (10) 0.5–17 (7) 0.5–12 (4) 0.5–13 (5) 0.5–17 (6) 0.5–18 (7) 1–21 (9) 2–22 (10) 3–24 (12) 3–26 (12) 3–22 (11) 0.5 – 23
R/S-kvot i V1 0.2–9.8 (2.3) 0.2–6.0 (2.0) 0.2–9.8 (2.8) 1.0–7.0 (2.9) 0.3–7.5 (2.3) 0.2–6.0 (2.4) 0.1–3.9 (1.8) 0.1–4.2 (1.4) 0–2.8 (0.9) 0–2.0 (0.8) 0–1.9 (0.6) 0–1.8 (0.5)
R i V6 (mm) 0–12 (5) 0.1–12 (5) 0.5–12 (5) 3–17 (8) 5–22 (12) 6–23 (14) 6–23 (13) 6–23 (14) 9–25 (15) 9–27 (17) 10–26 (17) 7–23 (15) 4 – 21
S i V6 (mm) 0.2–10 (4) 0.2–10 (3) 0.4–10 (4) 0.2–10 (3) 0.3–7 (3) 0.2–10 (3) 0.2–8 (2) 0.1–7 (2) 0.1–6 (2) 0.1–4 (1) 0.0–4 (1) 0–4 (1) 0 – 4
R/S-kvot i V6 0.5–9 (2.5) 0.5–11 (3) 0.5–10 (2.5) 0.5–12 (4) 0.5–12 (4.5) 0.5–18 (6.5) 0.5–22 (8) 0.5–28 (9.5) 0.8–30 (11) 1–30 (12) 2–33 (14) 2–39 (15)

Barn, översikt

Rijnbeek et al. MedianvÀrden med 2:a och 98:e percentilen.

0–1 mĂ„n 1–3 mĂ„n 3–6 mĂ„n 6–12 mĂ„n 1–3 Ă„r 3–5 Ă„r 5–8 Ă„r 8–12 Ă„r 12–16 Ă„r
HjÀrtfrekvens (slag/min) Pojkar 160 (129, 192) 152 (126, 187) 134 (112, 165) 128 (106, 194) 119 (97, 155) 98 (73, 123) 88 (62, 113) 78 (55, 101) 73 (48, 99)
Flickor 155 (136, 216) 154 (126, 200) 139 (122, 191) 134 (106, 187) 128 (95, 178) 101 (78, 124) 89 (68, 115) 80 (58, 110) 76 (54, 107)
P-vĂ„gens el-axel Pojkar 56 (13, 99) 52 (10, 73) 49 (–5, 70) 49 (9, 87) 48 (–12, 78) 43 (–13, 69) 41 (–54, 72) 39 (–17, 76) 40 (–24, 76)
Flickor 52 (24, 80) 48 (20, 77) 51 (16, 80) 50 (14, 69) 47 (1, 90) 44 (–6, 90) 42 (–13, 77) 42 (–15, 82) 45 (–18, 77)
P-vÄgsduration Pojkar 78 (64, 85) 79 (65, 98) 81 (64, 103) 80 (66, 96) 80 (63, 113) 87 (67, 102) 92 (73, 108) 98 (78, 117) 100 (82, 118)
Flickor 79 (69, 106) 78 (62, 105) 78 (63, 106) 80 (64, 07) 83 (62, 104) 84 (66, 101) 89 (71, 107) 94 (75, 114) 98 (78, 122)
PQ-tid (ms) Pojkar 99 (77, 120) 98 (85, 120) 106 (87, 134) 114 (82, 141) 118 (86, 151) 121 (98, 152) 129 (99, 160) 134 (105, 174) 139 (107, 178)
Flickor 101 (91, 121) 99 (78, 133) 106 (84, 127) 109 (88, 133) 113 (78, 147) 123 (99, 153) 124 (92, 156) 129 (103, 163) 135 (106, 176)
El-axel (QRS axel, grader) Pojkar 97 (75, 140) 87 (37, 138) 66 (–6, 107) 68 (14, 122) 64 (–4, 118) 70 (7, 112) 70 (–10, 112) 70 (–21, 114) 65 (–9, 112)
Flickor 110 (63, 155) 80 (39, 121) 70 (17, 108) 67 (1, 102) 69 (2, 121) 69 (3, 106) 74 (27, 117) 66 (5, 117) 66 (5, 101)
QRS-tid (ms) Pojkar 67 (50, 85) 64 (52, 77) 66 (54, 85) 69 (52, 86) 71 (54, 88) 75 (58, 92) 80 (63, 98) 85 (67, 103) 91 (78, 111)
Flickor 67 (54, 79) 63 (48, 77) 64 (50, 78) 64 (52, 80) 68 (54, 85) 71 (58, 88) 77 (59, 95) 82 (66, 99) 87 (72, 106)
QTc intervall (ms, med Bazzets formel) Pojkar 413 (378, 448) 419 (396, 458) 422 (391, 453) 411 (379, 449) 412 (383, 455) 412 (377, 448) 411 (371, 443) 411 (373, 440) 407 (362, 449)

Barn, P-vÄg

Rijnbeek et al. MedianvÀrde med 98:e percentilen (övre normalgrÀns) inom parentes, angivet i millivolt (mV). Multiplicera med 10 för mm vid standardkalibrering.

Avledning 0–1 mĂ„n 1–3 mĂ„n 3–6 mĂ„n 6–12 mĂ„n 1–3 Ă„r 3–5 Ă„r 5–8 Ă„r 8–12 Ă„r 12–16 Ă„r
II Pojkar 0.15 (0.23) 0.16 (0.25) 0.15 (0.22) 0.16 (0.26) 0.15 (0.25) 0.13 (0.23) 0.12 (0.22) 0.12 (0.22) 0.13 (0.24)
Flickor 0.16 (0.25) 0.16 (0.23) 0.16 (0.23) 0.16 (0.24) 0.16 (0.25) 0.13 (0.23) 0.12 (0.24) 0.14 (0.24) 0.15 (0.26)
V1 Pojkar 0.12 (0.22) 0.10 (0.19) 0.09 (0.17) 0.10 (0.17) 0.13 (0.20) 0.12 (0.19) 0.12 (0.20) 0.11 (0.19) 0.11 (0.18)
Flickor 0.10 (0.19) 0.10 (0.16) 0.10 (0.16) 0.11 (0.21) 0.12 (0.20) 0.12 (0.20) 0.11 (0.18) 0.11 (0.19) 0.10 (0.17)

Barn, Q-vÄg

Rijnbeek et al. MedianvÀrde med 98:e percentilen (övre normalgrÀns) inom parentes, angivet i millivolt (mV).

Avledning 0–1 mĂ„n 1–3 mĂ„n 3–6 mĂ„n 6–12 mĂ„n 1–3 Ă„r 3–5 Ă„r 5–8 Ă„r 8–12 Ă„r 12–16 Ă„r
II Pojkar 0.14 (0.23) 0.18 (0.32) 0.14 (0.34) 0.18 (0.48) 0.15 (0.44) 0.11 (0.26) 0.10 (0.28) 0.09 (0.24) 0.08 (0.21)
Flickor 0.09 (0.26) 0.14 (0.32) 0.15 (0.43) 0.16 (0.44) 0.16 (0.48) 0.13 (0.27) 0.08 (0.26) 0.08 (0.21) 0.09 (0.20)
III Pojkar 0.15 (0.26) 0.29 (0.50) 0.31 (0.71) 0.35 (0.79) 0.30 (0.74) 0.19 (0.46) 0.15 (0.36) 0.10 (0.28) 0.10 (0.29)
Flickor 0.18 (0.35) 0.24 (0.50) 0.28 (0.65) 0.34 (0.79) 0.31 (0.73) 0.18 (0.40) 0.16 (0.38) 0.10 (0.27) 0.10 (0.21)
aVF Pojkar 0.13 (0.23) 0.20 (0.35) 0.20 (0.40) 0.22 (0.58) 0.20 (0.54) 0.14 (0.34) 0.12 (0.25) 0.09 (0.25) 0.08 (0.23)
Flickor 0.10 (0.27) 0.17 (0.35) 0.20 (0.44) 0.23 (0.52) 0.20 (0.54) 0.12 (0.31) 0.11 (0.31) 0.08 (0.21) 0.09 (0.18)
V6 Pojkar 0.11 (0.22) 0.16 (0.31) 0.17 (0.35) 0.20 (0.60) 0.20 (0.56) 0.15 (0.42) 0.12 (0.39) 0.12 (0.43) 0.11 (0.43)
Flickor 0.09 (0.17) 0.15 (0.37) 0.15 (0.40) 0.18 (0.39) 0.17 (0.49) 0.15 (0.42) 0.10 (0.41) 0.11 (0.34) 0.09 (0.23)

Barn, R-vÄg

Rijnbeek et al. MedianvÀrde med 98:e percentilen (övre normalgrÀns) inom parentes, angivet i millivolt (mV).

Avledning 0–1 mĂ„n 1–3 mĂ„n 3–6 mĂ„n 6–12 mĂ„n 1–3 Ă„r 3–5 Ă„r 5–8 Ă„r 8–12 Ă„r 12–16 Ă„r
I Pojkar 0.25 (0.45) 0.56 (1.12) 0.80 (1.52) 0.82 (1.52) 0.77 (1.37) 0.63 (1.09) 0.62 (1.16) 0.59 (1.04) 0.58 (1.09)
Flickor 0.31 (0.62) 0.55 (1.09) 0.74 (1.26) 0.75 (1.38) 0.68 (1.52) 0.65 (1.20) 0.49 (1.00) 0.54 (1.21) 0.48 (1.02)
II Pojkar 0.64 (1.28) 1.08 (1.76) 1.27 (1.97) 1.27 (2.09) 1.27 (2.47) 1.36 (2.20) 1.24 (2.42) 1.39 (2.23) 1.31 (2.08)
Flickor 0.70 (1.21) 1.15 (2.04) 1.33 (2.24) 1.35 (2.21) 1.27 (2.34) 1.38 (2.24) 1.33 (2.27) 1.32 (2.29) 1.32 (2.03)
III Pojkar 0.79 (1.44) 0.76 (1.60) 0.72 (1.50) 0.82 (1.65) 0.80 (1.96) 0.94 (1.82) 0.80 (1.92) 0.89 (1.86) 0.85 (1.74)
Flickor 0.85 (1.50) 0.91 (1.82) 0.95 (1.85) 0.90 (1.95) 0.96 (2.00) 0.94 (1.96) 1.03 (2.09) 0.92 (1.88) 0.88 (1.66)
aVL Pojkar 0.16 (0.32) 0.35 (0.66) 0.40 (1.09) 0.44 (1.04) 0.38 (0.86) 0.26 (0.58) 0.22 (0.70) 0.17 (0.52) 0.19 (0.69)
Flickor 0.18 (0.45) 0.25 (0.69) 0.37 (0.78) 0.40 (0.92) 0.38 (1.02) 0.24 (0.70) 0.18 (0.55) 0.17 (0.69) 0.16 (0.53)
aVF Pojkar 0.59 (1.36) 0.88 (1.58) 0.93 (1.70) 0.96 (1.81) 1.00 (2.20) 1.13 (1.97) 1.00 (2.19) 1.16 (2.00) 1.06 (1.88)
Flickor 0.72 (1.26) 0.98 (1.91) 1.07 (1.82) 1.11 (2.04) 1.10 (2.08) 1.14 (2.06) 1.20 (2.17) 1.09 (2.06) 1.10 (1.84)
V3R Pojkar 0.62 (1.04) 0.58 (1.24) 0.57 (1.20) 0.48 (1.24) 0.49 (1.06) 0.41 (0.81) 0.23 (0.63) 0.22 (0.51) 0.19 (0.54)
Flickor 0.68 (1.26) 0.55 (0.93) 0.49 (1.11) 0.42 (0.98) 0.43 (0.92) 0.34 (0.64) 0.21 (0.57) 0.19 (0.47) 0.17 (0.49)
V1 Pojkar 1.10 (2.05) 1.23 (2.07) 1.32 (2.20) 1.12 (2.14) 1.08 (2.11) 0.95 (1.78) 0.63 (1.48) 0.54 (1.14) 0.48 (1.18)
Flickor 1.35 (2.22) 1.17 (1.99) 1.14 (2.04) 1.01 (1.92) 1.01 (1.91) 0.77 (1.38) 0.55 (1.24) 0.49 (1.14) 0.35 (1.10)
V2 Pojkar 1.83 (2.67) 1.82 (2.63) 2.08 (2.54) 1.94 (2.51) 1.82 (2.41) 1.58 (2.26) 1.21 (2.22) 1.02 (1.90) 0.94 (1.87)
Flickor 1.83 (2.17) 1.81 (2.45) 1.88 (2.60) 1.82 (2.36) 1.75 (2.38) 1.41 (2.25) 1.06 (1.91) 0.90 (1.86) 0.69 (1.57)
V4 Pojkar 1.80 (2.62) 2.30 (3.05) 2.32 (3.23) 2.27 (3.32) 2.37 (3.38) 2.42 (3.30) 2.11 (3.11) 1.86 (3.16) 1.87 (3.06)
Flickor 1.68 (2.21) 2.26 (3.26) 2.26 (3.31) 2.23 (3.09) 2.21 (3.54) 2.24 (3.38) 1.84 (3.04) 1.72 (3.23) 1.24 (2.55)
V6 Pojkar 1.00 (1.78) 1.55 (2.23) 1.65 (2.73) 1.70 (2.79) 1.79 (2.96) 1.94 (3.14) 1.97 (2.98) 2.18 (3.24) 2.02 (3.05)
Flickor 0.93 (1.64) 1.51 (2.67) 1.60 (2.80) 1.68 (2.74) 1.68 (2.67) 1.89 (2.91) 2.05 (3.25) 2.00 (3.04) 1.65 (2.52)

KĂ€llor

  • Davignon A, Rautaharju P, Boisselle E, et al. Normal ECG standards for infants and children. Pediatr Cardiol. 1979/1980.
  • Rijnbeek PR, Witsenburg M, Schrama E, Hess J, Kors JA. New normal limits for the paediatric electrocardiogram. Eur Heart J. 2001;22(8):702-711.

Forfattere

EBM AI
Evidensbaserad AI-agent

Oppdatert 19. august 2026

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